Puma
Puma (Puma concolor )
Puma Se někdy nazývá kuguár, horský nebo stříbrný lev a panter . Je to svým vzrůstem velká kočka, ale vlastnostmi je bližší kočce domácí než jagáru či lvu, proto je řazena mezi malé kočkovité šelmy. Dospělá puma má jednobarevnou srst, šedou nebo plavou, spodní část těla bílá, mláďata jsou skvrnitá. Dlouhý ocas jí pomáhá udržet rovnováhu při běhu. Jako malé kočky přede, neřve. Drápy má zatažitelné, šplhá a dokáže vysoko vyskočit na strom.
Délka: 150 - 270 cm
Výška: v kohoutku 60 - 70 cm
Hmotnost: samci 40 - 100 kg
samice 20 - 60 kg
Výskyt:
Žijí v Americe ve všech přírodních prostředí od od Kanady po Patagonii .
Potrava:
Hlavní potravou pum jsou jeleni, nepohrdnou však ani menšími živočichy včetně ursonů. Puma často útočí skokem z výšky a překvapenou kořist pak usmrtí prokousnutím hrdla. Poté úlovek odtáhne do bezpečí a živí se zdechlinou. Někdy přiláká pach mrtvého zvířete medvědy i další zvířata, která se často smějí na kořisti přiživit. Někdy pumy loví i domácí zvířata, což vede ke konfliktu s člověkěm. Při lovu pum jsou tradičně používáni psi, kteří ji zaženou na strom, a lovci ji pak zastřelí. Pumy nejsou obvykle člověku nijak nebezpečné, jejich naříkavý hlas, nesoucí se v noci krajinou, může však působit strašidelně.
Rozmnožování:
Pumy žijí samotářsky a sdružují se jen na krátkou dobu námluv a páření, ke kterému může docházet kdykoliv během rok Pohlavní dospělost je ve 2,5 letech. Samice je v říji 8 dní. Hlasitým voláním přivábí samce, kteří mezi sebou bojují o právo se s ní spářit.
Mláďata:
většina koťat přichází na svět na konci zimy nebo brzy na jaře. Doba březosti 90 až 96 dní. Puma může mít jeden vrh za dva roky. Při narození jsou slepá a narozdíl od dospělých mají na srsti tmavé skvrny a na ocase kroužky. Mláďata jsou sice odstavována ve věku tří měsíců, ale mohou s matkou zůstat až 2 roky. Během dospívání se přebarvují do dospělého zbarvení, které je v rámci areálu druhu velmi rozmanité. Podle zbarvení bylo rozlišeno až 24 poddruhů.
Je známo až 24 poddruhů pumy americké, rozdělených podle barvy, místa výskytu a preferovaného stanoviště.
P. c. acrocodia - Bolívie, severní Argentina
P. c. anthonyi - jižní Venezuela
P. c. araucana - Chile, Argentina
P. c. azteca - Arizona, Nové Mexiko
P. c. bangsi - západní Kolumbie, západní Ekvádor
P. c. borbensis - Amazonská nížina
P. c. browni - Arizona
P. c. cabrera - západní a střední Argentina
Puma kalifornská (P. c. californica) - Kalifornie
P. c. capricornensis - jihovýchodní Brazílie až severní Argentina
Puma brazilská (P. c. concolor) - Venezuela, Guyana
Floridský panter (P. c. coryi) – Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida – kriticky ohrožený Puma kostarická (P. c. costaricensis) - Nikaragua až Panama
Puma východní (P. c. cougar) - Tennessee až východní Michigan - vyhynula
P. c. greeni - východní Brazílie, jižní část Amazonské nížiny
P. c. hippolestes - Severní Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado
P. c. hudsomi - jižní a střední Argentina
P. c. improcera - Kalifornie
P. c. incarum - severní Peru, jižní Ekvádor
P. c. kaibabensis - Nevada, Utah, severní Arizona
P. c. mayensis - Mexiko až Honduras
Puma kanadská (P. c. missoulensis) – Britská Kolumbie, Idaho, Montana
P. c. oregonensis - Britská Kolumbie, Washington, Oregon
P. c. osgoodi - střední a východní Bolívie
Puma patagonská (P. c. pearsoni) - Patagonie, jižní Chile
P. c. puma - Chile a západní Argentina
P. c. schorgeri - Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri
P. c. stanleyana - Oklahoma, Texas, sever a východ Mexika
P. c. vancouverensis - ostrov Vancouver
Zajímavosti:
Puma unese sedminásobek své váhy. Velice zajímavé je, že mnozí lidé si myslí že puma má černou srst, může za to z velké části logo stejnojmené firmy, ale pumy černé zbarvení mít nemohou.
Ochrana:
Washingtonská konvence, příloha 1. Díky početnosti poddruhů není tato šelma celkově ohrožena, ale to neznamená že bychom ji neměli chránit.
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